• • • • Influenced • at Wikibooks R is a and software environment for and graphics that is supported by the R Foundation for Statistical Computing. The R language is widely used among and for developing and.

Polls,, and studies of scholarly literature databases show that R's popularity has increased substantially in recent years. As of August 2018, R ranks 18th in the, a measure of popularity of programming languages. Daag a poem of love free downloas.

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The for the R software environment is written primarily in,, and R. R is freely available under the, and pre-compiled binary versions are provided for various. Although R has a, there are several, most notably. Are available. Escritos paulinos pdf to word.

Contents • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • History [ ] R is an implementation of the combined with semantics inspired. Was created by in 1976, while. There are some important differences, but much of the code written for S runs unaltered. R was created by and at the, New Zealand, and is currently developed by the R Development Core Team, of which Chambers is a member.

R is named partly after the first names of the first two R authors and partly as a play on the name of. The project was conceived in 1992, with an initial version released in 1995 and a stable beta version in 2000.

Statistical features [ ] R and its libraries implement a wide variety of statistical and techniques, including and modeling, classical statistical tests,, classification, clustering, and others. R is easily extensible through functions and extensions, and the R community is noted for its active contributions in terms of packages. Many of R's standard functions are written in R itself, which makes it easy for users to follow the algorithmic choices made.

For computationally intensive tasks,,, and code can be linked and called at run time. Advanced users can write C, C++,, or code to manipulate R objects directly.

R is highly extensible through the use of user-submitted packages for specific functions or specific areas of study. Due to its heritage, R has stronger facilities than most statistical computing languages. Extending R is also eased by its rules. Another strength of R is static graphics, which can produce publication-quality graphs, including mathematical symbols. Dynamic and interactive graphics are available through additional packages.

R has Rd, its own -like documentation format, which is used to supply comprehensive documentation, both on-line in a number of formats and in hard copy. Programming features [ ] R is an; users typically access it through a. If a user types 2+2 at the R command prompt and presses enter, the computer replies with 4, as shown below. > 2 + 2 [1] 4 This calculation is interpreted as the sum of two single-element vectors, resulting in a single-element vector. The prefix [1] indicates that the list of elements following it on the same line starts with the first element of the vector (a feature that is useful when the output extends over multiple lines). Like other similar languages such as and, R supports. R's include,, arrays, data frames (similar to in a ) and.

R's extensible object system includes objects for (among others):, and. The scalar data type was never a data structure of R. Instead, a scalar is represented as a vector with length one. R supports with and, for some functions, with. A generic function acts differently depending on the of arguments passed to it. In other words, the generic function the function () specific to that of.

For example, R has a print function that can print almost every of in R with a simple print(objectname) syntax. Although used mainly by statisticians and other practitioners requiring an environment for statistical computation and software development, R can also operate as a toolbox – with performance benchmarks comparable to. Arrays are stored in. Packages [ ] The capabilities of R are extended through user-created packages, which allow specialized statistical techniques, graphical devices, import/export capabilities, reporting tools (, ), etc. These packages are developed primarily in R, and sometimes in,,, and. [ ] The R packaging system is also used by researchers to create compendia to organise research data, code and report files in a systematic way for sharing and public archiving. A core set of packages is included with the installation of R, with more than 15,000 additional packages (as of September 2018 ) available at the Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN),, Omegahat,, and other repositories.